13 Sep Insights from Experts: Can Ovarian Cancer Be Cured?
Insights from Experts: Can Ovarian Cancer Be Cured?
By Island Hospital | September 13, 2024 12:00:00 PM
Medical Reviewer: Dr. Tang Weng Heng, Clinical Oncologist
Ovarian cancer constitutes the eighth most prevalent cancer among women globally, accounting for approximately 3.7% of all cancer cases and 4.7% of cancer-related fatalities in 2020.
Before the early 2000s, ovarian cancer incidence was more prevalent in northern Europe and North America. Since then, there has been a shift, with rates decreasing in these regions and increasing in certain areas of Eastern Europe and Asia.
Despite the challenges posed by late-stage diagnosis and the potential for metastasis, advancements in treatment have significantly improved outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer.
These advancements offer hope for improved survival rates and a better quality of life for those affected by ovarian cancer.
What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer develops when abnormal cells within the ovaries or fallopian tubes proliferate uncontrollably.
The ovaries, two round, walnut-shaped organs within the female reproductive system, are responsible for egg production during the reproductive years.
Types of Ovarian Cancer
Types | Location(s) | Subtypes | Rarity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epithelial Ovarian Cancer | Most common (accounting to ~90% of ovarian cancers) | ||
| Germ Cell Ovarian Cancer | Rare (primarily affects young women) | ||
| Primary Peritoneal Cancer | Rare | ||
| Sex Cord-Stromal Ovarian Cancer | Rare (affects women of all ages) |
Can Ovarian Cancer Be Completely Removed?
The ability to completely remove ovarian cancer depends on several factors, primarily the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. Generally, early stages of ovarian cancer (stage I and II) have a better prognosis than advanced stages (stage III, IV).
- Early Stage Ovarian Cancer
Early detection of ovarian cancer offers a promising outlook. When caught early, there’s a strong possibility that the cancer can be successfully treated through surgery.This often involves removing the affected ovary and fallopian tube, sometimes along with the uterus. In some cases chemotherapy may follow surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. - Advanced Stage Ovarian Cancer
In advanced stages, ovarian cancer can be effectively managed. The treatment aims to shrink tumours, control the disease’s progression, and alleviate symptoms.While complete removal of all cancer cells may be difficult, surgery can often target the main tumour and visible secondary growths.Additional treatments like chemotherapy can help address any remaining cancer cells, providing a path toward improved outcomes and increasing patient comfort.This approach can significantly improve quality of life and potentially extend survival time for patients.
While successful surgery is a significant step, it’s important to remain vigilant as there is a possibility of recurrence.
However, with regular monitoring and follow-up care, healthcare professionals can detect any changes early on and implement the appropriate treatment plans for you.
Risk Factors
Researchers have identified several factors that could elevate a woman’s risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer.
These factors, however, don’t apply to the less common types of ovarian cancer, like germ cell and stromal tumours.
- Age
The risk increases with age, especially after menopause. - Endometriosis
A condition where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus. - Family cancer syndrome
Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with ovarian cancer significantly increases your risk.Examples of family cancer syndromes include:
(i) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC)
(ii) Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
(iii) MUTYH-associated polyposis
(iv) Other genes associated with hereditary ovarian cancer - Hormone therapy
Postmenopausal hormone therapy, especially with oestrogen and progestin, may slightly increase the risk. - Personal history of breast or ovarian cancer
Women who have had breast or ovarian cancer in the past are at a higher risk for developing ovarian cancer. - Reproductive history
Certain factors, such as never having children, late menopause, or early menarche (starting menstruation early) may increase the risk.
Protect your health with these regular check-ups. Check out this article outlining 8 Essential Health Screening Tests for Women
Symptoms and Complications
Ovarian cancer is often referred to as the “silent killer” because it can progress without causing noticeable symptoms in its early stages.
However, as the cancer grows, it may be attributed to more common symptoms:
- Abdominal bloating or swelling (often the first symptom and can persist)
- Back pain
- Changes in bowel habits (e.g. constipation, diarrhoea, or a feeling of fullness even after eating a small meal)
- Dull of sharp pain in the pelvic
- Fatigue
- Frequent urination or urgency
- Unexplained weight loss
Ovarian cancer and its treatments can cause a number of complications to arise depending on the cancer type, stage, and chosen treatment. These include:
Derived from | Complications |
|---|---|
| Treatments | Ovarian cancer can be treated in various ways, each with its own potential complications and side effects. |
| Surgical interventions |
|
| Ovarian cancer |
|
Despite the potential complications, it’s important to remember that many of these complications can be effectively managed with the proper support and medical care.
Diagnosis and Stages
If you have symptoms that could indicate ovarian cancer, your doctor may recommend tests or scans to identify cysts, tumours, or other abnormalities. These may include:
- Physical examinations
Doctors will check your abdomen for lumps and perform a vaginal examination (via transvaginal imaging). - Blood tests
Your doctor will also conduct blood tests to check for CA125, a common tumour marker for ovarian cancer. - Pelvic ultrasound, CT scan, and PET scan
These scans create images to detect cancer and its spread. - Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy might be performed to rule out bowel issues. - Biopsy
While these tests can reveal abnormalities, a biopsy is necessary for a definitive cancer diagnosis.
Cancer staging helps doctors determine the most effective treatment and make a prognosis, which is a prediction of the disease’s progression and the patient’s recovery chances.
Ovarian cancer is staged from 1 to 4, with stage 1 being the least advanced and stage 4 the most.
- Stage I: Cancer is only in the ovaries.
- Stage II: Cancer has grown outside the ovaries and is growing within the pelvis.
- Stage III: Cancer has spread outside the pelvis into the abdominal cavity or to lymph nodes.
- Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other body organs some distance away from the ovaries, such as the liver or lungs.
How is Ovarian Cancer Treated?
The treatment for ovarian cancer depends on several factors, including the stage of the cancer and your overall health, the location of the tumour, and your wishes. Here are some treatment options:
Treatment Options | Description |
|---|---|
| Chemotherapy | Chemotherapy is a medication that targets and destroys cancer cells. Patients may receive chemotherapy before, after, or as the only treatment. Additionally, doctors also use chemotherapy to treat recurrent ovarian cancer. |
| Radiotherapy | Radiotherapy employs high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells. It might be used to treat advanced cancer when other treatments are unsuitable or to alleviate symptoms like bleeding or discomfort. |
| Surgery | The type of surgery you need depends on the extent of your ovarian cancer. Early detection improves treatment outcomes. In the early stages, surgery might involve removing both ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus. If the cancer has spread, more extensive surgery might be necessary, including removing parts of the bowel. |
| Hormone therapy | Certain ovarian cancers require oestrogen to grow. Hormone treatments can block oestrogen production, halting the growth of some cancers. The use of these medications is infrequent. Your doctor will determine if hormone treatment is suitable for you and advise on monitoring and managing potential side effects. |
| Targeted cancer drugs | Targeted cancer drugs can help control the growth of cancer cells. Bevacizumab, for example, prevents tumours from forming their own blood vessels, hindering cancer growth. It might be used with chemotherapy for women with advanced ovarian cancer. Other targeted drugs like niraparib and olaparib are treatments for certain types of recurrent ovarian cancer. |
Don’t let ovarian cysts go undiagnosed. Read this article on Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Types, Prevention & Treatment to learn more.
Resources and Support
Living with ovarian cancer can be a challenging journey, but it’s important to remember that you’re not alone.
Numerous resources and support systems are available to help you and your caregivers navigate this challenging journey.
Local and National Support Groups
In Malaysia, patients can find support and connection through local and national organisations like the National Cancer Society Malaysia or Ovarian Cancer Malaysia, which offer in-person support groups.
Education Materials and Workshop
Staying informed about ovarian cancer is essential for your health. Educational resources and support groups can provide valuable information about the disease, its prevention, and treatment options.
This knowledge can empower you to make informed decisions and take proactive steps to manage your ovarian cancer journey.
Fight Ovarian Cancer with Early Detection
Invest in your ovarian health. Early detection is crucial for successful ovarian cancer treatment and improved long-term outcomes for a longer, healthier life.
Our leading experts in the Oncology Department at Island Hospital are dedicated to supporting you and your family every step of the way. With our expertise and compassionate care, we can offer you a personalised and comprehensive approach to cancer care and treatment.
Our commitment to excellence has earned us local and worldwide recognition:
- A finalist for Malaysia’s Flagship Medical Tourism Hospital Programme
- A place on Newsweek’s list of World’s Best Hospitals 2024
- A place Global Health Asia Pacific Awards 2024
Schedule a consultation today and discover how we can support your ovarian health journey.
Good News for Malaysians!
Along with Malaysia Day, Island Hospital is offering an exclusive “Saya Anak Malaysia Package” – a health check with a cancer profile or stress test.
This health screening package costs only RM 898 and features a physical examination, complete medical report, consultation with a health screening physician or specialist, light refreshments, and an exclusive Island Hospital woven bag.
Prevention is always better than cure, so take charge of your well-being by getting our “Saya Anak Malaysia” health check package today!
FAQ
How do I manage recurrent ovarian cancer?
Recurrent ovarian cancer can be challenging, but there are effective treatments available. Chemotherapy, surgery, and targeted cancer drugs offer hope for those facing recurrence.
When should I seek help from a doctor?
You should seek help from a doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms that can be indicative of ovarian cancer, but may also be caused by other conditions.
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for successful treatment of ovarian cancer.
How to prevent ovarian cancer?
While there’s no definitive way to prevent ovarian cancer, understanding your risk can help you make informed decisions about preventive measures for yourself and your family.
Beyond maintaining a healthy lifestyle, certain factors can lower your ovarian cancer risk:
- Pregnancy
Having multiple full-term pregnancies can decrease your risk. - Oral contraceptives
Using birth control pills for an extended period can reduce your risk, even after discontinuing use. Discuss the potential benefits and risks with your doctor. - Tubal ligation
This procedure might lower your risk, but its primary purpose should be preventing pregnancy, not ovarian cancer.
Remember, while these factors can reduce your risk, they don’t guarantee protection. It’s essential to consult with your healthcare provider for personalised advice.
What are the common misconceptions of ovarian cancer?
It’s important to dispel common myths about ovarian cancer. While family history can increase your risk, many women with ovarian cancer have no family history.
Ovarian cysts are often benign, and early-stage ovarian cancer may have no symptoms or vague ones easily confused with other conditions.
Pap smears are not for ovarian cancer screening. While ovarian cancer can be challenging, early detection and appropriate treatment can lead to positive outcomes.
What are the latest advancements in ovarian cancer research?
Recent advancements in ovarian cancer research have shown promising results in several areas:
- Targeted therapies
PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy drugs have shown significant promise in treating ovarian cancer.
Mirvetuximab soravtansine (Elahere) is a new targeted therapy option for women with ovarian cancer that has become resistant to platinum-based treatments. - Immunotherapy
Therapies that stimulate the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. Researchers are exploring the use of immunotherapy drugs alone or in combination with other treatments. - Early detection
Efforts are ongoing to develop more accurate and sensitive screening tests for ovarian cancer, with the goal of detecting the disease at an earlier stage.
Some examples include hysteroscopy and laparoscopy procedures. - Genetic testing
Identifying genetic mutations associated with ovarian cancer can help personalise treatment and improve outcomes. - Combination therapies
Combining different treatments, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, can improve overall effectiveness.
While these advancements offer hope for the future, it’s important to note that ovarian cancer remains a complex disease. Ongoing research and clinical trials are essential for further progress.
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| Derived from | Complications |
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